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Archaic Greece
The Archaic period in Greece (800 BCE – 480 BCE) is a period of ancient Greek history that followed the Greek Dark Ages. This period saw the rise of the poleis (singular ''polis'', generally translated as "city-state"), the founding of colonies, the annexation of some of the eastern poleis by the Persian empire, as well as the first inklings of classical philosophy. The newly invented Greek theater created tragedies that were performed during Dionysia; written poetry appeared alongside the reintroduction of written language, which had been lost during the Greek Dark Ages; and the oral epics, the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' were written down for the first time, ostensibly by Homer himself. The term ''archaic'' thus covers cultural developments as well as social, political and economic changes.
The starting point of the Archaic period in 800 BC is defined as the "structural revolution", meaning the sudden upsurge of population and material goods that occurred c. 750 BC, and the "intellectual revolution" of classical Greece.〔Snodgrass, pp. 13, 23.〕 The sharp rise in population at the start of the Archaic period led the settlement of new towns and the expansion of the older population centers within poleis. Increases in the population also led to the establishment of colonies along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts that began about 800 BC. The reason for this phenomenon has been described by Greek authors as ''stenochoria'', or "the lack of land", but in practice it was caused by a great number of reasons, such as rivalry between political groups, a desire for adventure, expatriation, the search for trade opportunities, etc.〔Robin Lane Fox, ''Traveling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer'', 2008.〕 The end of archaism is conventionally marked by Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC.
==Etymology==
The term ''archaic'' describes things belonging to ancient times and is derived from the Greek word ''archaikos'', which means ''primitive''. This term arose from the study of Greek art, where it mainly refers to styles of surface decoration and sculpture, placing it chronologically between geometric and Classical Greek art. These styles are considered archaic in the sense that they contain the seeds of Classical art. Modern historians think of the term archaic as a misnomer,〔Snodgrass, p. 13.〕 as the archaic period is considered to be one of the most fruitful periods of Greek history.
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